Chapter 9 Section 1 - Life in Ancient Rome

Summary

The Romans admired and studied Greek art, architecture, and ideas. Roman engineers built an impressive system of roads and bridges, aqueducts to supply the cities with clean water, and a sewer system to remove waste. Despite these achievements, the large city was crowded, noisy, and dirty. The Forum served as a marketplace and public square. People from both social classes enjoyed watching the chariot races and the gladiators. The paterfamilias headed the Roman family. The Romans worshiped many gods and goddesses. As the empire grew larger, Romans learned about other religions.

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  Rome Reborn 2.1: A Tour Through Ancient Rome


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Chapter 8 - Section 4 - The Early Empire

Summary
Augustus expanded the Roman Empire and reorganized the military, bringing an era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. Rome's elaborate system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made the empire wealthy. Romans made many contributions to government, law, language, and the arts. The empire's good fortune did not fall on all Romans. While some grew wealthy from trade and agriculture, most Romans were very poor. Later emperors recognized the empire was too large to govern, and they began reducing its borders

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Chapter 8 - Section 3 - The Fall of the Republic

Civil war waged for 50 years until Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate. Caesar—seized power and made reforms. After Caesar's murder, the Second Triumvirate attempted to rule Rome, but it eventually failed and Octavian Caesar Augustus—emerged as the first Roman emperor. Augustus expanded the Roman Empire and reorganized the military, bringing an era of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. Rome's elaborate system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made the empire wealthy. Romans made many contributions to government, law, language, and the arts

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Baklava Recipe

I had so many of you requesting the recipe for baklava, I decided I should post one!  Happy baking!

http://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/baklava/

Posted by Garrett McCord of Vanilla Garlic on Feb 20, 2008

Filed under Bakery

  

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Please welcome Simply Recipes guest author Garrett McCord who brought us some of the best baklava we've ever tasted. ~Elise

Have I ever mentioned that I'm a baklava addict? It's true, I have a problem and should be taken to the Betty Crocker Clinic so I can get help. Last year I bought a 30 serving pan of the stuff, intent on bringing it to work to share. Four hours later the entire pan was gone and I was a sticky mess. As such, it was only a matter of time before I learned to make my own.

Baklava is a delicious phyllo pastry popular in Middle Eastern countries. Its supposed origins are Turkish, dating to the Byzantine Empire (or even further), though many cultures claim it for their own. Many Greek and Lebanese restaurants serve it, and it is now a featured dessert of several former Ottoman countries. In baklava, layers of crisp phyllo dough alternate with a sugary spiced nut mixture, and the whole thing is then soaked in fragrant sweet syrup made with honey, lemon and cinnamon. It's an exotic and decadent treat to be sure.

The recipe can be a bit time consuming, and isn't really a first-time baker's recipe, but if you can put together a cake well enough on your own then this is a good next step in your baking education. The tissue paper-thin phyllo dough is fragile and breaks easily if not handled properly, but the end product is forgiving so don't fret if it all falls apart. My first time I just made a mess of dried out phyllo and butter and the baklava tasted wonderful regardless.

Baklava Recipe

• Prep time: 30 minutes
• Cook time: 30 minutes

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INGREDIENTS

For the baklava:

• 1 lb. of chopped nuts (almonds, walnuts, or pistachios are best, or use a combination of them)
• 1 lb of phyllo dough
• 1 cup of butter, melted
• 1/3 cup of sugar
• 1 teaspoon of ground cinnamon
• 1/3 teaspoon of ground cloves

For the syrup:

• 1 cup of water
• 1 cup of sugar
• 1/2 cup of honey
• 2 tablespoons of lemon juice
• 1 cinnamon stick

• Finely ground pistachios for garnish (optional)

METHOD

1 Lightly grease a 9x13 pan and set the oven to 350°F.

2 Thaw the phyllo dough according to manufacturer's directions (this may take overnight). When thawed, roll out the dough and cut the dough in half so the sheets will fit in the pan. Cover with a damp towel to keep it from drying out.

3 Process the nuts until in small, even sized pieces. Combine with sugar, cinnamon, and cloves. In a separate bowl, melt the butter in the microwave.

4 Place a sheet of phyllo dough into the pan. Using a pastry brush, brush the phyllo sheet with melted butter. Repeat 7 more times until it is 8 sheets thick, each sheet being "painted" with the butter.

5 Spoon on a thin layer of the nut mixture. Cover with two more sheets of phyllo, brushing each one with butter. Continue to repeat the nut mixture and two buttered sheets of phyllo until the nut mixture is all used up. The top layer should be 8 phyllo sheets thick, each sheet being individually buttered. Do not worry if the sheets crinkle up a bit, it will just add more texture.

6 Cut into 24 equal sized squares using a sharp knife. Bake at 350°F for 30-35 minutes or until lightly golden brown, and edges appear slightly crisp.

7 While baking, make the syrup. Combine the cinnamon stick, sugar, lemon juice, honey, and water in a saucepan. Bring to a boil, then reduce to medium low heat and let simmer for 7 minutes and slightly thickened. Remove the cinnamon stick and allow to cool.

8 Spoon the cooled syrup over the hot baklava and let cool for at least 4 hours. Garnish with some finely crushed pistachios of desired.

Yield: Makes 24 portions.

All families have their own recipe, and this is just one. If you have an interesting take on baklava, please tell us in the comments section! ~Garrett

Chapter 8 - Section 2 - The Roman Republic

Summary

The Roman government was headed by two elected officials known as consuls. Praetors interpreted Roman laws and acted as judges. The Senate was the most important legislative body. Roman law was based on the Twelve Tables. After three long Punic Wars against the Carthaginians, the Romans ruled the Mediterranean. Despite their success abroad, the Romans experienced trouble on the homefront. The gap between the rich and the poor grew wider. Patricians created large farming estates called latifundia that were operated with slave labor. The small plebeian farmers could not compete and were forced out of business.

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Chapter 8 - Section 1 - Rome's Beginnings

Summary

Rome's geography played an important role in the development of Roman civilization. The Etruscans changed the face of Rome when they constructed buildings of wood and brick and laid out streets, turning the village into a city. After rebelling against the Tarquins in 509 B.C., the Romans founded the Roman Republic. For 200 years, the Romans battled for control of neighboring territories, and when the wars were over, Rome controlled almost all of Italy. Rome's success had much to do with the strength of its army, which was organized into legions. The Romans were also excellent strategists and their policies and treatment of conquered peoples helped the republic grow stronger.

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